1. VERB THAT ARE ALWAYS
FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVE
Some
verb take another verb as the complement instead of a noun. Sometimes the verb
functioning as the complement must be in the infinitive ( to + verb ) and
sometimes it must be in the gerund ( verb + ing ) form. The following verb are
always followed by the infinitive if the complement is a verb.
(Beberapa
kata kerja mengambil kata kerja lain sebagai pelengkap bukannya kata benda.
Kadang-kadang kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai pelengkap harus dalam infinitif
(ke kata kerja) dan kadang-kadang harus dalam bentuk gerund (kata kerja + ing).
Kata kerja berikut selalu diikuti oleh infinitif jika komplemennya adalah kata
kerja.)
Example
1. John expect to begin studying law next semester
2. Mary learned to swim when she
was very young
3. The soldiers are preparing to attack the village
2. VERB THAT ARE ALWAYS FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND
Kata kerja lainnya
harus selalu diikuti oleh gerund. Kata kerja ini termasuk :
Example :
1. John admitted stealing the
jewels.
2. We enjoyed seeing them again
after so many years.
3. You shouldn’t risk entering that
building in its present condition
4. Would you mind not
smoking in this office ?
Notes : These sentences
are made negative by adding the negative particle not before the infinitive or
gerund.
(Kalimat-kalimat ini dibuat negatif dengan menambahkan partikel negatif tidak
sebelum infinitif atau gerund)
1. John decided not to buy
the car.
2. We regretted not going to
the party last night.
The following verb can
be followed by either the infinitive or the gerund with no change in meaning.
(Kata
kerja berikut dapat diikuti oleh infinitif atau gerund tanpa perubahan makna.)
Example :
- He started to
study after dinner. or
- He started
studying after dinner
- Joan hates to ride
her bycicle to school. Or
- Joan hates riding
her bicycle to school.
3. VERB + PREPOSITION
FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND
If a :
verb ↘️
adjective ➝ + preposition
noun ↗️
Or preposition alone is
followed directly by verb, the verb will always be in the gerund form. The following list
consist of verb + preposition.
(Atau preposisi sendiri diikuti langsung oleh kata kerja, kata kerja akan selalu dalam bentuk gerund.
Daftar berikut ini terdiri dari kata kerja + preposisi.)
The following
expressions contain the preposition to.
The word to in these expressions must not be confused with the to in the
infinitive.
(Ekspresi berikut
berisi preposisi untuk. Kata dalam ungkapan-ungkapan ini tidak boleh disamakan
dengan dalam infinitif.)
These verb +
preposition expressions must also be followed by the gerund.
Example :
1. Bernard gave up smoking because
of his doctor’s advice.
2. Fred confessed to stealing the
jewels.
3. Steven is thinking of going to
France in January.
4. ADJECTIVES +
PREPOSITION FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND
The following
adjectives + prepositions are also followed by the gerund.
Examples :
a. Bianca is fond of
dancing.
b. Anthony is afraid
of getting married now.
c. We are interested
in seeing this film
5. NOUNS + PREPOSITIONS
FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND
The following nouns +
prepositions are also followed by the gerund.
Example :
1. There is no reason
for leaving this early.
2. Cillary has no excuse
for dropping out of school.
Any
time a preposition is followed directly by a verb, the verb will be in the
gerund form.
(Setiap kali preposisi
diikuti langsung oleh kata kerja, kata kerjanya akan berada dalam bentuk
gerund.)
Example :
1. After leaving
the party, Ali drove home.
2. He should have
stayed in New York instead of moving to maine.
6. ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED
BY THE INFINITIVE
The following adjective
are always followed by the infinitive form of the verb and never by the gerund.
(Kata sifat berikut
selalu diikuti oleh bentuk infinitif dari kata kerja dan tidak pernah oleh
gerund.)
*able means the same as
capable in many instances, but the grammar is very different. While able is
followed by the infinitive, capable is followed by Of + ( verb + ing )
*mampu berarti sama
dengan mampu dalam banyak hal, tetapi tata bahasanya sangat berbeda. Sementara
mampu diikuti oleh infinitif, mampu diikuti oleh Of + (kata kerja + ing)
a. These students are
not yet able to handle such difficult problems.
b. These students are
not yet capable of handling such difficult problems.
Examples of the
adjectives followed by infinitives :
a. We are ready to
leave now.
b. It is difficult
to pass this test.
Some verb can be
followed by either the infinitive or the gerund, but the meaning changes.
(Beberapa kata kerja
dapat diikuti oleh infinitif atau gerund, tetapi artinya berubah.)
Examples :
a. Justin stopped
studying.
( Justin is not going
to study anymore )
b. Justin stopped to
study.
( Justin stopped doing
something in order to study )
7. PRONOUNS BEFORE THE
GERUND OR INFINITIVE
In
cases where the infinitive is used as a complement, any noun or pronoun
directly preceding it will be the complement form. Some common verb which are
followed by the infinite and which often require an indirect are listed here.
(Dalam
kasus di mana infinitif digunakan sebagai pelengkap, setiap kata benda atau
kata ganti secara langsung sebelumnya akan menjadi bentuk pelengkap. Beberapa
kata kerja umum yang diikuti oleh yang tak terbatas dan yang sering membutuhkan
tidak langsung tercantum di sini.)
Subject
+ verb + complement form ( noun / pronoun ) + ( to + verb ) .....
Example :
a. Joy asked Marry
to call him when she woke up.
b. I urge you to
reconsider your decision.
c. You should prepare
your son to take this examination.
however,
before the gerund, a noun or pronoun must appear in the possessive form.
(Namun,
sebelum gerund, kata benda atau kata ganti harus muncul dalam bentuk posesif.)
Example :
a. He regret her
leaving.
b. We are looking
forward to their coming next year.
c. We don’t approve of
John’s buying this house.
AFFIRMATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative
agreement merupakan (kesesuaian) yang digunakan ketika
seseorang melakukan sesuatu dan menambahkan
bahwa ada orang lain yang melakukan sesuatu yang sama
JENIS
Ada
dua jenis affirmative agreement
Positif
: yaitu kata "and" dan "so" atau “and” dan “too”
Negative
: yaitu kata "either" dan "neither"
Auxiliary
1.
Do, Does, Did
2.
Have, Has, Had
3.
Am, Are, Is, Was, Were
4.
Will, Can, Should, Would, Could, Shall, Most, etc.
Ada
3 model pembahasan :
1.
When a form of the verb BE is used in the main clause, the same tense of the
verb Be is used in the simple statement that follows. Look at the following
formula:
affirmative
statement (be) + and + (subject + verb (be) + too
so +verb (be) + subject.)
I
am happy, and you are too.
I
am happy, and so are you.
2.
When a compound verb (auxiliary + verb) for example, will go, should do, has
done, have written, must examine, etc, occurs in the main clause, the auxiliary
of the main verb is used in the simple statement, and the subject and
verb must agree. (Apabila dalam kalimat utama terdapat will go, should do, has
done, have written, must examine, maka auxiliary dari kalimat utama digunakan
dalam bentuk simple statement begitu juga dengan subject dan kata kerjanya).
affirmative
statement (compound verb) + and + {subject + auxiliary only + too}
They
will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.
affirmative
statement (compount verb) + and + {so + auxiliary only + subject}.
They
will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.
3.
When any verb except be appears without any auxiliaries in the main clause, the
auxiliary do, does or did is used in the simple statement. The subject and verb
must agree and the tense must be the same. (Apabila pada kalimat utama ada kata
kerja apa saja (kecuali be) muncul tanpa auxiliary, maka auxiliary do, does or did
harus digunakan – pokok dan kata kerjanya harus diselaraskan sesuai
dengan waktu yang digunakan).
affirmative
statement (single verb except be) + and + {subject + do, does or did + too
Jane
goes to that school, and my sister does too.
affirmative
statement (single verb except be) + and + {so + do, does or did + subject).
Jane
goes to that school, and so does my sister.
Additional
examples:
·
John went to the mountains on his vacation,
and we did too.
John
went to the mountains on his vacation, and so did we
·
I will be in New Mexico in August, and
they will too.
I
will be in New Mexico in August, and so will they.
·
He has seen her plays, and the girls
have too.
He
has seen her plays, and so have the girls.
·
We are going to the movies tonight, and
Suzy is too.
We
are going to the movies tonight, and so is Suzy
·
She will wear a costume to the party,
and we will too.
She
will wear a contume to the party, and so will we
Negative Agreement
Hampir
sama dengan penjelasan affirmative agreement di atas, neither dan either
memiliki arti yang sama yaitu: tidak keduanya, atau kedua-duanya tidak.
Untuk
neither digunakan sebelum auxilliary verb, for example:
1.
My roommate won't go, and neither will I
2.
My roommate hasn't gone, and neither have I
3.
My roommate doesn't go, and neither do I
4.
My roommate isn't going, and neither am I
Dan
untuk either digunakan setelah auxilliary verb dan kata "not", for
example:
1.
My roommate won't go, and I won't(will not) either
2.
My roommate hasn't gone, and I haven't either
3.
My roommate doesn't go, and I don't either
4.
My roommate isn't going, and I am not either
Hal
lain yang harus diperhatikan yaitu untuk pemakaian tobe dan auxilliaries
setelah kata "..and.." harus sesuai dengan tobe dan auxilliaries yang
digunakan di awal kalimat, seperti :
My
wife is talking about it, and so am I
My
wife has talked about it, and I have too
My
roommate won't go, and neither will I
My
roommate doesn't go, and I don't either
Contoh
kalimat lainnya:
1.
The manager isn’t too happy with the project, and neither is his assistant.
2.
We can’t study in the library, and he can’t either.
3.
You didn’t pay the taxes, and they didn’t either.
4.
My brother won’t accept my father’s decision, and my sister won’t either.
5.
He doesn’t know the answer, and neither does she.
“Either”
and “neither” function in simple statements much like “so” and “too” in
affirmative sentences. However, either and neither are used to indicate
negative agreement. The same rules for auxiliaries, be and do, does, or did
apply.
Negative
statement + and + [ S + negative auxiliary or be + either]
Negative
statement + and + [ neither + positive auxiliary or be + S ]
Examples:
I
didn’t see Bella this morning. Edward didn’t see Bella this morning
I
didn’t see Bella this morning and Edward didn’t either.
I
didn’t see Bella this morning and neither did Edward.
Additional
examples:
1.
The children shouldn’t take that medicine, and neither should she.
2.
We don’t plan to attend the concert, and neither do they.
3.
I don’t like tennis, and he doesn’t either.
4.
She didn’t see anyone she knew, and neither did Tim.
5.
The Yankees couldn’t play due to the bad weather, and neither could the Angels.
